Factors affecting CVP

Factors that increase CVP include:

• Hypervolemia
• forced exhalation
• Tension pneumothorax
• Heart failure
• Pleural effusion
• Decreased cardiac output
• Cardiac tamponade
• Mechanical ventilation and the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

Factors that decrease CVP include:

• Hypovolemia
• Deep inhalation
• Distributive shock